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Bill Gates and Microsoft(History of Success)

William Henry Gates III was born on 28th of October in 1955 as the second form three children. He was born into a wealthy family in Seattle, in Washington State. His father was a lawyer a his mother was a schoolteacher.Much of his early childhood was characterized as rebellious. Perhaps this was due to the rivality with his older sister. His parents rewarded him and his sister with 25 cents per each A they earned. However, young Bill continued to get average grades until the eighth grade. At that point, he decided that he wanted to get good grades and then decided to focus his energy into doing just that. He continued to get a straight A average throughout his schooling. In addition to getting good grades, Bill and his sister were encouraged to read a lot by their parents. He was not permitted to watch television on weeknights during his schooling.
Gates attended public elementary school. But due to his high intelligence the school was not good enough for him, so he started attending the Lakeside School, a valued private school, at the age of 11. There, he began his career in personal computer software, he started programming computers. At the age of 13 Bill wrote his first software program: Tic-Tac-Toe. He and several other students could play the game Tic-Tac-Toe against the computer. The game ran very slow. There was no monitor, only a keyboard and a printing machine. Each time they made a move, they had to type it at the keyboard and then go to the printer to see the results. Bill was fascinated with the machine. It fascinated him that he could give the machine instructions and it preformed them perfectly every time.
Unfortunately the students computer grant ran out and students had to pay for the time which they spent using the computer interface. Access to the computer cost $40 per hour. Bill's parents couldn't pay so much, so their son found a way to buy access time. Bill and his good friend Paul Allen worked during summer for computer companies as programmers. They ran software, which the company created. and looked for bugs and fixed them. This turned out to be very lucrative for the young students, they earned $5000 in cash and computer access time. Gates also wrote a computer program for his school. One of the early programs he wrote was for Lakeside School. It scheduled students in classes. He added some secret instructions to the program, and it scheduled him as the only guy in a class full of girls.
In the year 1972 the company Intel released the first microprocessor called the 8008. It was small, but extremely powerful. Bill and Paul wonted to write a BASIC (Beginners All-purpoSe Instructional Code) program for the little chip. But the chip wasn't able to handle that many complex instructions. Discouraged they continued on with their education. Bill attended Harvard and began studying economics. However his interest in computer software was still high.
In 1974, Intel released an improved version of the 8008 microprocessor, the 8080 chip. This processor had 10 times the power of the original. Bill and Paul discovered that it was capable of be programmed using BASIC. Soon they were sending out letters to various computer companies offering to write programs for the new chip but without success. The first minicomputer, that came on the market, the Altair 8800 contained the Intel's 8080 microprocessor. Bill and Paul realized that if this computer hit the market, their dreams of creating software could com true. So they decided to go ahead and write a program for the computer based on its manual. After 5 long weeks they created the operating system for this computer. They succeeded, Bill left Harvard and Paul quit his programming job at Honeywell.


In 1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded the Microsoft. The company was first based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, near of the manufacturer of the Altair Computer. There, they created software for the Altair in exchange for royalty. By 1977, many companies entered the Personal Computer market including Apple, Commodore and Radio Shack. Bill went to each of the companies and would tried to sell a software license. Microsoft would receive a small royalty for each computer sold that used their software. Many companies didn't want this, but Bill was able to convince them that this was cheaper for them compared to how much it would cost for them to develop their own software.
In the year of 1980 the company IBM (International Business Machines) asked Microsoft to develop for a new personal computer that they will produce. So Microsoft took the job and created Microsoft Disk Operating System, the MS-DOS. In comparison with the other operating systems, MS-DOS was the least expensive and soon the most widely used operating system for Personal Computers. Because IBM created its PC out of relatively common hardware and bought its microprocessors from Intel, it was easy for other computer companies to make clones of it. This proved to be extremely beneficial to Microsoft, because more and more computer companies came to Microsoft, asking the company to develop the software for their computers. IBM and MS-DOS became very widespread in the computer industry.
In 1984 Apple released its Macintosh computer. Microsoft helped to develop the software for the computer. What made this computer so extraordinary was that it had a graphical user interface (GUI). Instead typing the commands using a keyboard and function keys, this system uses screens that contain menus which contain the various operations which the computer could perform. With the use of a rolling clicking device called a mouse, users could move a cursor to select what they wanted their computer to do. Apple soon became very popular, because it simplified the running of software, so someone did not have to be speed typist or programmer to use it.
Microsoft was concentrated on the software market, producing consumer applications like Microsoft Word. In 1986, when the company went public, Gates became a billionaire at the age of thirtyone.
With the popularity of Macintosh, Microsoft began to develop its own visual interface, named Microsoft Windows. It appeared very similar to the operating system used by Macintosh, except that it was a DOS application, so that older programs could be run as well as new software produced for Windows. Windows became fashionable in the early 1990's and soon gained much of the market that IBM lost to Macintosh. In the early 1990's Microsoft continued developing Windows, new improved versions came on the market. By 1993 Microsoft was selling a million copies a month.
In the mid 1990's the Internet was beginning to grow very fast. Microsoft realized that in order to ensure themselves a place in this market they needed to completely rebuild Windows. Gates dramatically changed the direction of the entire company and focused in on the Internet. When Windows 95 was introduced in August 1995, 7 million copies were sold in the first six weeks alone. This new version of Windows provided better access to the Internet and the possibility of creating local computer networks. It also made upgrading the hardware in computers more simple (so called "plug-and-play").
95% of all personal computers on the World is powered by the operating system from Microsoft. Microsoft employees more then 35000 people worldwide. Microsoft's software became so widespread that the U.S. Justice Department began a series of antitrust investigations against the company. In June 2000, the judge Thomas Penfield Jackson decided, that it is necessary to split the biggest software company on the World - Microsoft - into two pieces. The one will be concentrated on operating systems (Windows) and the other will produce software applications like text processors (Word), spreadsheets (Excel) and database programs (Access).
Bill Gates is the richest private individual in the World. His wealth is over 80 billion dollars. For many years is he on the top of the Forbes list of The World's Richest People.In 1994 he married Melinda French, who was a Product Manager at Microsoft. He has two children. Jennifer Katherine, born in 1996 and a son Rory John, born in 1999.Bill founded The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which promotes increased access to innovative technology in education and global health, and promoting community projects in the Pacific Northwest. He spent $6 billion in August 1999 to speed the development and reduce the costs of vaccines for malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS.

History of Computer:-

Early computation:

Main articles: History of computing and Timeline of computing 2400 BC–1949
The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BCE. Its original style of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. This was the first known computer and most advanced system of calculation known to date - preceding Greek methods by 2,000 years. Abaci of a more modern design are still used as calculation tools today.
In 1115 BCE, the South Pointing Chariot was invented in ancient China. It was the first known geared mechanism to use a differential gear, which was later used in analog computers. The Chinese also invented a more sophisticated abacus from around the 2nd century BCE, known as the Chinese abacus.
In the 5th century BCE in ancient India, the grammarian Pāṇini formulated the grammar of Sanskrit in 3959 rules known as the Ashtadhyayi which was highly systematized and technical. Panini used metarules, transformations and recursions with such sophistication that his grammar had the computing power equivalent to a Turing machine. Between 200 BCE and 400 CE, Jaina mathematicians in India invented the logarithm. From the 13th century, logarithmic tables were produced by Muslim mathematicians.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer.[2] It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC.
Mechanical analog computer devices appeared again a thousand years later in the medieval Islamic world and were developed by Muslim astronomers, such as the equatorium by Arzachel,[3] the mechanical geared astrolabe by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī,[4] and the torquetum by Jabir ibn Aflah.[5] The first programmable machines were also invented by Muslim engineers, such as the automatic flute player by the Banū Mūsā brothers[6] and the humanoid robots by Al-Jazari.[7] Muslim mathematicians also made important advances in cryptography, such as the development of cryptanalysis and frequency analysis by Alkindus.[8][9]
When John Napier discovered logarithms for computational purposes in the early 17th century, there followed a period of considerable progress by inventors and scientists in making calculating tools. Around 1640, Blaise Pascal, a leading French mathematician, constructed the first mechanical adding device[10] based on a design described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria.[11]
None of the early computational devices were really computers in the modern sense, and it took considerable advancement in mathematics and theory before the first modern computers could be designed.

Algorithms:
In the 7th century, Indian mathematician Brahmagupta gave the first explanation of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system and the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit.
Approximately around the year 825, Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book, On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, that was principally responsible for the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle East and then Europe. Around the 12th century, there was translation of this book written into Latin: Algoritmi de numero Indorum. These books presented newer concepts to perform a series of steps in order to accomplish a task such as the systematic application of arithmetic to algebra. By derivation from his name, we have the term algorithm.

Binary logic:
Around the 3rd century BC, Indian mathematician Pingala discovered the binary numeral system. In this system, still used today to process all modern computers, a sequence of ones and zeros can represent any number.
In 1703, Gottfried Leibniz developed logic in a formal, mathematical sense with his writings on the binary numeral system. In his system, the ones and zeros also represent true and false values or on and off states. But it took more than a century before George Boole published his Boolean algebra in 1854 with a complete system that allowed computational processes to be mathematically modeled.
By this time, the first mechanical devices driven by a binary pattern had been invented. The industrial revolution had driven forward the mechanization of many tasks, and this included weaving. Punch cards controlled Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom in 1801, where a hole punched in the card indicated a binary one and an unpunched spot indicated a binary zero. Jacquard's loom was far from being a computer, but it did illustrate that machines could be driven by binary systems.

Birth of computer science:
Before the 1920s, computers (sometimes computors) were human clerks that performed computations. They were usually under the lead of a physicist. Many thousands of computers were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. Most of these computers were women, and they were known to have a degree in calculus. Some performed astronomical calculations for calendars.
After the 1920s, the expression computing machine referred to any machine that performed the work of a human computer, especially those in accordance with effective methods of the Church-Turing thesis. The thesis states that a mathematical method is effective if it could be set out as a list of instructions able to be followed by a human clerk with paper and pencil, for as long as necessary, and without ingenuity or insight.
Machines that computed with continuous values became known as the analog kind. They used machinery that represented continuous numeric quantities, like the angle of a shaft rotation or difference in electrical potential.
Digital machinery, in contrast to analog, were able to render a state of a numeric value and store each individual digit. Digital machinery used difference engines or relays before the invention of faster memory devices.
The phrase computing machine gradually gave away, after the late 1940s, to just computer as the onset of electronic digital machinery became common. These computers were able to perform the calculations that were performed by the previous human clerks.
Since the values stored by digital machines were not bound to physical properties like analog devices, a logical computer, based on digital equipment, was able to do anything that could be described "purely mechanical." Alan Turing, known as the Father of Computer Science, invented such a logical computer known as the Turing Machine, which later evolved into the modern computer. These new computers were also able to perform non-numeric computations, like music.
From the time when computational processes were performed by human clerks, the study of computability began a science by being able to make evident which was not explicit into ordinary sense more immediate.

Emergence of a discipline:

The theoretical groundwork:
The mathematical foundations of modern computer science began to be laid by Kurt Gödel with his incompleteness theorem (1931). In this theorem, he showed that there were limits to what could be proved and disproved within a formal system. This led to work by Gödel and others to define and describe these formal systems, including concepts such as mu-recursive functions and lambda-definable functions.
1936 was a key year for computer science. Alan Turing and Alonzo Church independently, and also together, introduced the formalization of an algorithm, with limits on what can be computed, and a "purely mechanical" model for computing.
These topics are covered by what is now called the Church–Turing thesis, a hypothesis about the nature of mechanical calculation devices, such as electronic computers. The thesis claims that any calculation that is possible can be performed by an algorithm running on a computer, provided that sufficient time and storage space are available.
Turing also included with the thesis a description of the Turing machine. A Turing machine has an infinitely long tape and a read/write head that can move along the tape, changing the values along the way. Clearly such a machine could never be built, but nonetheless, the model can simulate the computation of any algorithm which can be performed on a modern computer.
Turing is so important to computer science that his name is also featured on the Turing Award and the Turing test. He contributed greatly to British code-breaking successes in the Second World War, and continued to design computers and software through the 1940s, but committed suicide in 1954.
At a symposium on large-scale digital machinery in Cambridge, Turing said, "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus".
In 1948, the first practical computer that could run stored programs, based on the Turing machine model, had been built - the Manchester Baby.
In 1950, Britain's National Physical Laboratory completed Pilot ACE, a small scale programmable computer, based on Turing's philosophy.

Shannon and information theory:
Up to and during the 1930s, electrical engineers were able to build electronic circuits to solve mathematical and logic problems, but most did so in an ad hoc manner, lacking any theoretical rigor. This changed with Claude Elwood Shannon's publication of his 1937 master's thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. While taking an undergraduate philosophy class, Shannon had been exposed to Boole's work, and recognized that it could be used to arrange electromechanical relays (then used in telephone routing switches) to solve logic problems. This concept, of utilizing the properties of electrical switches to do logic, is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computers, and his thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II.
Shannon went on to found the field of information theory with his 1948 paper entitled A Mathematical Theory of Communication, which applied probability theory to the problem of how to best encode the information a sender wants to transmit. This work is one of the theoretical foundations for many areas of study, including data compression and cryptography.

Wiener and Cybernetics:
From experiments with anti-aircraft systems that interpreted radar images to detect enemy planes, Norbert Wiener coined the term cybernetics from the Greek word for "steersman." He published "Cybernetics" in 1948, which influenced artificial intelligence. Wiener also compared computation, computing machinery, memory devices, and other cognitive similarities with his analysis of brain waves.

The first computer bug:
Main article: Software bug
The first actual computer bug was a moth. It was stuck in between the relays on the Harvard Mark II.[1] While the invention of the term 'bug' is often but erroneously attributed to Grace Hopper, a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy, who supposedly logged the "bug" on September 9, 1945, most other accounts conflict at least with these details. According to these accounts, the actual date was September 9, 1947 when operators filed this 'incident' — along with the insect and the notation "First actual case of bug being found" (see software bug for details).